Thursday, July 28, 2016

Importantly cute!


Cute and Precious


     I'm a sucker for cute things. A real over the top, squealing idiot when it comes to adorable animals, especially baby ones, and even MORE especially baby dinosaurs.
     I'm the type of sappy mess that "OOOs" and "SQUEEEs" at the cute things that strike me as particularly adorable, and will often slap my husband's arm repeatedly in excitement when I see a puppy.
     When I get the very rare and beautiful opportunity to see amazing baby dinosaur art, or the even more rare specimens, I'm a puddle of girly baby talk and scientific inquiries.
     Naturally, when Rebor started their baby dinosaur figurine collection, I was immediately demanding to own them all to anyone who would listen. These sweet little babies are detailed, small and have cute names like "hazelnut".
     THE BABY TRICERATOPS IS NAMED HAZELNUT, GUYS.



     LOOK AT HER FACE. LOOK AT IT.

     I don't expect you to believe me, but there's actually another reason why I think these cutey faces are so amazing to me, and that's their detail to scientific accuracy. Well, as close as you can be with the rarity of baby dinosaur specimens and keeping them cute and interesting enough to purchase.

     Understanding the growth pattern of dinosaurs is really fascinating. Did Triceratops hatch with horns? How big are baby t-rex? Did baby raptors have those killer claws? How fast did these guys grow? What features did they have to grow into?

     Baby dinosaur fossils are extremely rare, but they are treasures of understanding the growth development of dinosaurs. It is an unfortunate truth that the paleontology record of dinosaur species is riddled with controversies over whether or not certain species are their own actual stand along species, or just younger versions of others.

     Misclassifications do happen. It's the sad truth of any science.

     Jack Horner did a TED Talk on baby dinosaurs which is worth checking out. He talks about these crazy misclassifcations and the new discoveries of understanding and identifying baby and teenage dinosaurs. By cutting open fossilized bones, Dr. Horner's team is able to identify more juvenile bones by how "spongy" they are, meaning that the bone is still growing and is malleable.
     This is a great step for making strides in paleontology, but it does mean that some of our favorite species might not actually exist. 

     Sorry, Dracorex, you awesome nerdy dinosaur. 

     Dr. Horner is hilarious, and if you haven't had the pleasure of reading any of his books or hearing a lecture, I'd recommend it highly.



     I think I might start my collection with Hazelnut, because she's just too damn cute not to. I've recently vowed not to get anymore dinosaurs until I have a better place to put them, so I may have to hold off a little while before I add this cute little thing to my collection. 

     You can get these dinosaurs at everythingdinosaur.com, and are featured on Jurassic Collectibles on YouTube. I think all of the babies are like $10 plus shipping, which is really not bad at all. Rebor makes some good stuff.

     Also, please look at how cute Breeze is, sitting on his wittle butt. :3


  • Hazelnut




  • Melon



  • Stan


  • Breeze 


Thursday, July 21, 2016

Kickass Paleontologists: Baron Nopcsa


Franz Nopcsa von Felsö-Szilvás "The Dinosaur Baron of Transylvania"




      I honestly wish I came up with that title for him, but that's one of the headlines from an article in Scientific American from 2011.

      I just recently learned about Baron Nopcsa (apparently pronounced "nop-cha"), while listening to the I Know Dino podcast, I think episode 84, where they brought him up briefly. I had never heard of his man before, but after hearing the words "spy", "Baron", "would be king" and listing off his still relevant paleontology theories, I had to find out more about him.

      I can't seem to find any books about him, only Wiki entries and two Scientific American articles (links below). The one with the cool name you have to buy for $8, so I might pick it up. I am starting to grow more obsessed with this guy as I do my research.

      The Baron of Szcsal Transylvania was a strange guy. Not just in the fact he was a freaking Baron of vampireville, but also because of his hobbies, connections and eccentric personality. He was known to be a bit of an egomaniac, knowing how brilliant he was in most aspects of his life, and seemed to have suffered from either manic depression or bipolar disorder.
      His scientific work in the paleontology field still holds water today, but he's relatively unknown, having for whatever reason, slipped into obscurity.

      Nopcsa was also openly gay, which at the time was pretty taboo, which added to his already "strange" personality back in the late 1800s. I'm guessing this probably had something to do with the fact he wasn't really talked about much in books and published works, even though he himself and his work was fascinating.

Nopcsa's work 1903


      Franz Nopcsa von Felsö-Szilvás was born in 1877 in Transylvania into an aristocratic family. It was actually Nopcsa's sister who found a dinosaur bone when Nopcsa was a young man, thus sparking a passionate love for paleontology.



      Now, back in the early 1900s, paleontology was hardly what it is today. It was a wild west frontier of science; theories flying in all directions that rarely had any backing in real study. This was during the "bone wars", so more people were obsessed with finding as many species and fossils as possible, not really doing any true science.
I think this is a real game??

      Nopcsa was different. And this is why he's so great.
      That and he was a spy during World War I, which is neat.

      The dinosaur bone his sister found was taken to the University of Vinna, to the head of the geological institute at the time, Eduard Suess. In what I imagine to be a movie like moment, the old professor identified the bone in question and when pressed for further detail about the creature by Nopcsa, the winkled old man bitterly said "Go study them!"

      So he did.

  • The Baron's work in Paleontology


      Like everything he did, Nopcsa dove head first into his studies of paleontology the University at Vienna and quickly rose the ranks. According to his Wiki page, he did his first academic lecture at twenty-two. Dinosaurs were an extreme passion of the Baron's, something he would dedicate a good chunk of his rich life to pursuing.
      After WWI, Nopcsa would eventually become the head of the Hungarian Geological Institute, were he would make ground breaking theories about dinosaurs that had never been brought to light until then.

      Among his contributions to paleontology are some of the very first notions of complex behaviors in dinosaurs, ideas on how they reared their young, and how they may have looked.
      This was all during a time were the only thing most paleontologists were after was the biggest, best collection of bones. It was because of this paleontologist pissing contest that we had so many misclassifications and garbage studies done on dinosaurs.

      But hey, have to start somewhere, right?

Trex through scientific history


      The link between birds and dinosaurs is fairly well known today, but wasn't for a very long time. Nopcsa wrote about this during his time at the University, and discussed in detail about how dinosaurs may have had feathers in order to move faster and brood over their nests.
      Nopcsa's theories on dinosaur's behavior and evolutionary link to birds wasn't widely accepted until the 1960s, long after Nopcsa was already dead, but his work was fantastic and ground breaking for his time.

      He also believed that at least some of the dinosaurs were warm blooded, unlike the more commonly accepted theory that dinosaurs were slow moving "lizards". This of course is known widely held today.

      Another study that I thought was interesting was his work in sexual dimorphism in dinosaurs, and a theory he coined as "insular dwarfism" now known as "island rule".
      Sexual dimorphism is basically the difference between the sexes in animals, like size, color, etc. In dinosaurs, it's typically the bigger skeleton, where as in animals like deer, it would be the animal with horns.
      The "island rule" is the theory that animals restricted to small islands, over generations, will adapt to be much smaller. Since some of the dinosaurs he found were considered "pygmy" at the time, this theory made sense to his research.
      Shockingly, like everything else he's researched, this is also still widely accepted.

      He also discovered a new small sauropod dinosaur, Magyarosaurus, which he named after the
providence he lived in.


Magyarosaurus

  • Spy, weapons smuggler, and would be King of Albania


      It wasn't just Nopcsa's brilliant work in paleontology that made the man so unique, but also his colorful life as an Albanian nationalist. During that time in history, Albania was struggling to gain it's independence from the Turkish-Balkan Ottoman Empire.
      Being the fearless seeker of adventure, and driven by his love for Albania, Nopsca was one of the first to explore the mountain area of Albania, learning the local customs of that area.

      This exploration and study of the culture produced more than fifty different books and works on the folklore, linguistics, customs and so on from that region. He his known to be one of the biggest contributor to Albanian studies.

      His speeches and support of Albania's liberation from the Turks helped to finally gain Albania's freedom, but he also smuggled weapons and supplies over to help aid the process. The Baron was content to become the "King of Albania", as seen from his diary entry quoted from his Wiki page:

"Once a reigning European monarch, I would have no difficulty coming up with the further funds needed by marrying a wealthy American heiress aspiring to royalty, a step which under other circumstances I would have been loath to take."




      Dude doens't do anything small, right?

      During WWI Nopcsa added "spy" to his already brilliant repertoire of colorful titles. If being a Baron, an aristrocat, and a brilliant paleontologist wasn't enough, then why not add something dangerous and mysterious to list!

      Unfortunately, Nopcsa wasn't on the winning side of the war, and Transylvania was taken back over by Romania. This, sadly, had devastating effects on Nopcsa's finances and life.

  • Tragic end to the Dinosaur Baron


      By the end of WWI, Nopcsa had lost his family fortune. The once rich and prominent figure of the head of Hungarian Geological Institute was now penniless, and forced to sell his impressive fossil collection to England.

      The financial blow, the loss of his fossils and work, and his emotional issues he already had caused Nopcsa to end his life, and that of his lover Bajazid Elmaz Doda in 1933.



Sources:

Franz's wiki page

"Baron Nopcasa: More than just Transylvanian Dinosaurs" Scientific American September 2011 (link)
"Dinosaur Baron of Transylvania" Scientific American October 2011 (link)





Friday, July 15, 2016

I must have it -- "Banjo"

Banjoooooo!



      Since part of my fandom for dinosaurs and ancient life is steeped in collecting toys, figures, coins, hats, stickers, what have you, I figured it was very necessary to make rambling about collections a staple in my blog.

      I have a embarrassing amount of dinosaur stuff on multiple wish lists that span most forms of online shopping known to man, ranging from the cute and ridiculous to the monstrous and amazing. I'll pick out my favorites and share them with you, because why the hell not?

      To kick this off with the bang, we'll go with a cool collectible toy exclusively from Australia's own Age of the Dinosaurs Museum in Winston Australia, the awesome Australovenator "Banjo".


What I assume the toy was modeled after.


      If you don't already know about this awesome dinosaur, it's one of the therapods of the Aussie outback, recently discovered and probably Australia's favorite dinosaur. This awesome predator has vicious hand claws and stands about 6 feet tall, 20 feet long.
      Despite how he looks, Banjo is actually a tyrannosaurid, not a raptor, and lives during the early Cretaceous about 95 MYO. Because of it's light frame, it's known as the "cheetah of it's time" according to it's Wiki page.

      I'll have to do a more detailed post about it later, because he's really neat.

BANJOOO!
      Because I'm a dork with a dinosaur toy obsession, I follow a dinosaur toy reviewer on YouTube called Jurassic Collectibles. He's a cool dude who gets to unbox new and not-yet-released dinosaur toys on his channel, which is something I would sell my soul for.

      I don't know if it's the combination of the fact that I love how it looks, painted, or if it's just the exclusiveness of Banjo that makes me want the toy so bad.

Also the name. It's probably the name.
   
 I do have a stegosaurus named Banjo, and my raptor in World of Warcraft was named Banjo, and Space Ghost's giant sea horse monster was named Banjo.



      It's a great name!!

      This figure goes for about $30 on the museum's website, and the shipping is a staggering $45. There is a CollectA figure of this dinosaur for about $10, but it doesn't nearly come close to how cool this model looks.

CollectaA version. Sad, right?


      I do have a friend with some Australian connections, but I don't know if there's a way to make that shipping less gag inducing.  The figure is awesome, but not $80 awesome.

      This is the first figure I've run into that has limitations on obtaining it. This is the age of the Internet, nothing is impossible to find! I'm sure I'll figure out some way of getting this beautiful creature at some point in my life.

      And no, I'm not going to Australia. That place has nightmare bugs.

      I think I'm going to make these posts normal set days of the week. Just different dinosaur/ancient life themed stuff I either have or want really, really bad.

      If you're thinking, "Oh, great. Thanks for showing me this. Now I want it and it's $80."
Then I love you and we should be friends.

      Also, you're welcome.

Book Review: Top 10 Dinosaurs of 2015


Top 10 Dinosaurs of 2015

Cute, fun, refreshing




I heard about this book because the author co-hosts my favorite podcast I Know Dino. So, naturally, I wanted to support them as much as I can, since I'm a cheap jerk who doesn't fund them through their Patreon.

I have purchased their other book Keep Your Dinosaurs Here, which was more like a journal than a book, and thought it was pretty cute. Definitely aimed for kids, the journal is very lighthearted and promotes creative writing with dinosaurs, so I of course loved it.

I really wanted to spread the word about their latest release because there was only 2 reviews on Amazon, and some jerk gave them one star, knocking their average down quite a bit. The review wasn't fair and was very snarky, so I jumped in head first to put in my two cents.
I went into it really wanting to like it and did, and I'm willing to admit I may have some bias goggles on, so I encourage others to read it and judge for yourself. 

The book isn't like most informational dinosaur books, because it's not written by a paleontologist or a doctor of geology or anything like that. It's written by a dinosaur fan who wanted to put something fun and informative into the world. I don't think the negative review put that into consideration.
Since I'm a slothlike creature of minimum effort, I'm going to copy/paste my Amazon review for the book here, because I think it properly illustrates how I felt about the book.

Amazon/Goodreads review:

As a dinosaur fan girl and overall paleontology nerd, this book was recommended to me through social media and Amazon and I freaking adore it. 
Top 10 Dinosaurs of 2015 covers the top dinosaur discoveries of that year in a fun and unique way. I spend a lot of time reading scientific articles and papers about dinosaur news, so I really appreciate the creativity that went into this book. Each dinosaur is described in a small story about their life, detailing their physical appearance, habitat and scientifically minded, fictional account of what their attitudes and day-to-day activities would be. 
My favorite so far has been the story about Kunbarrasaurus and how she follows a creature from tree to tree. It's so painfully cute.
I would highly recommend this book for dinosaur fans who enjoy a lighthearted spin on dinosaur facts, and I think kids would really like this too. The only thing I would add would be more illustrations of the dinosaurs being described, but I imagine getting permission and paying licenses for using paleo artists work is probably hefty.
Great job! I look forward to 2016's book!


When I got the book, it was free for Kindle, but otherwise I think it's like $4. Worth picking up for sure. 
You can snag the Kindle version here.
Like I had said in the review, I think there should have been more illustrations in the book to get a better idea of what these guys looked like, so I put together a collection of the dinosaurs in this book for you to enjoy.

Now when you read the book, you'll have some faces to go with the characters, because sadly some of them don't have pictures.

Enjoy!


Dinosaur cast (in order of appearance):

  • Chilesaurus "Chile Lizard"



  • Dakotaraptor "Plunderer of Dakota"



  • Kunbarrasaurus "Shield Lizard"



  • Morelladon "Morella Tooth"



  • Probrachylophosaurus "Superduck"




  • Regaliceratops "Royal Horn Face" or Hellboy



  • Sefapanosaurus "Cross Lizard"



  • Tototlmimus "Bird Mimic of the Packard Shale"



  • Yi qi "Strange Wing"



  • Zhenyuanlong "Zheyuan's Dragon" or "The Poodle from Hell"


Monday, July 11, 2016

We need more love for Carnotaurus


Carnotaurs: Meat Eating Bull



Cuteysaurus, am I right?


With a name like "Meat Eating Bull", I doubt many other dinosaurs can stack up to how fearsome and overall badass Carnotaurs is. To be honest, this dinosaur kind of flew under my radar for a long time, especially since I started a weird obsession with Ceratopsian dinos as of late.
I think I was listening to a podcast or perhaps just fell down an Internet rabbit hole, but I stumbled across more information about this giant demon beast and wanted to write about it.

[Edit 07/13/16: I Know Dino did an episode on Carnotaurus that went up today!]

  • Hi, my name is Carnotaurus


Name: Carnotaurus "Meat Eating Bull"
Timeline: Late Cretaceous (69-72 million years ago)
Length: 26-30 feet long
Weight: 1.35 metric tons
Running Speed: 30-35 MPH
Favorite Color: red (probably)

Carnotaurus is part of the family or clade Abelisaurids, which are large Cretaceous therapods. These do not include the t-rex, when though he was around during the same time. He's not included in the Abelisaurids club, because he's a Tyrannosaur; he's got his own family and clade to hang out with.



These guys are pretty big, stocky, and have a smaller more stout muzzle than that of other therapods. Almost kind of have a pug look to them, in my opinion. They're very interesting looking.

Of course there are all kinds of amazing art for this animal, which I'll pepper in throughout this post. He must be a blast to draw, all devilish and what not.

Side note, look at those dupy lil arms. Oh god.



  • What's up with the horns?


The look on that Ankylosaur's face is priceless.
"oh crap oh crap oh crap"


Let's talk about the horns. What the hell were the horns for, besides just making him look really, really devious? I assume it was probably something to do with battling other Carnotaurus, or maybe for sexual display, but I wasn't too sure. Time to hit the scientific journal for the expert opinion.

According to the article published in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, the horns and bite force kind of go hand-in-hand.
While analyzing the bite force of Carnotaurus's bite force, which is weaker but faster than that of an Allosaurus, they had a better idea of the type of strength of Carnotaurus's skull. It's unlikely that the horns were meant for extreme, ram like jolts to the skull, but more of a slow pushing match.
So, imagine these big dudes pushing their heads together more like dears locking horns and shoving, not smacking into each other head on at break neck speed.

It's almost cute, isn't it?

I dug around a bit to find out if there has been any research done into whether or not the horns are exclusively male, but there's only been one almost complete skeleton found, so there's no way to really know for sure. They did find some skin impressions on this fossil, which show the skin to be pebbly and rough, but it's unknown if it had feathers or anything like that.


  • Dude was fast.




The horns aren't the only thing that made Carnotaurus unique.
According to an article on PLOS One, these guys may have been one of the fastest therapods in the Cretaceous.
The spinal "arms" on Carnotaurus's vertebrate show a very strong muscle attachment to the "hind limb retractor muscle" that is connected to the tail. What that means is the very powerful tail the creature likely had, helped the powerful hind legs of the Carnotaurus to retract in powerful, fast motions. There's a good possibility that our horned friend could run up to 35MPH, which is pretty damn fast for a giant monster like that.
Most likely the animal was a "burst" or "sprint" runner, kind of like a cheetah, where they could go really fast for small stints of time.

This was discussed in the latest episode of I Know Dino, where the hosts interviewed Dr. Scott Persons of the Currie Museum. Dr. Persons studies dinosaur locomotion, so it was amazing to hear him talk about the science of understanding how these animals move.

  • Cool models and toys


With every dinosaur I research, part of the fun is learning about them in a scientific manner, and that of a total dork who likes toys.
Luckily, Carnosaurs has captured the imagination of artists of all kinds and sells well as a toy. Kids love this guy, so collectors have some options on some cool junk to add to your already ridiculous pile.

1) BlueDino Carnotaurus Head $99





2) Papo Carnotaurus Figure $20

I love Papo toys, so this guy may have to make my shelf soon.



3) Terra collection Carnotaurus $12

I love my Terra Pachyrinosaur from this collection. They're cute, cheap alternatives to the higher priced items.



4)  DinoStoreus Carnotaurus skull model $60

#DeskGoals



5) Full skeleton Carnotaurus from DinoStoreus $180






6) Smaller, but fleshed out and painted Carnotaurus from DinoStoreus $55





Sources:

For basic information: Wikipedia entry for Carnotaurs

Horn information: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology "Cranial Mechanics and Funcation of the Horned Carnivorous Dinosaur Carnotaurus sastrei"

Locomotion information: Plos One "Dinosaur Speed Demon: The Caudal Muculature of Carnotaurus sastrei and Implications of the Evolution of South American Abelisaurids"


Monday, April 25, 2016

I write stories sometimes.

Today is my day off, and I thought it would be wells spent going through my Google Docs to clean out some old files. As per usual, I got extremely distracted reading some old stories I wrote over the past couple years and stumbled across a dinosaur short story I had totally forgotten about.
Since I have a dinosaur blog I thought...hey, what the hell, I'll share it!

Now, a couple things. I don't know if the ending is truly the real ending, because I did have something else in mind to tack on to it, which I might do later...one day. You know how it goes. But, it's cute, and I thought I'd share it for pure shiggles.

I was actually inspired to write this story after seeing a picture, which I'll post above the short story. It's mostly just a cute, fluffy piece, because I thought the picture was so damn cute.

Anyway, here you go. 



Shade of tall trees were welcome in the late afternoon heat. The old warrior had had her fill from the hadrosaur she had hunted down an hour prior, and a nap was a perfect way to let her food digest. She didn’t worry about much in her old age, having made it through the trials of climbing to the very top of the food chain. In the humid shade of the ancient maple tree, the tyrannosaur let herself shut her eyes and rest.
She spent her days alone now, having outlived her mate of many years, raising many children together in the parels of the wild. Being as big as she was, she didn’t mind being alone in her territory this time of year. The only thing she ever had to worry about was the spry males who would view her as a threat, since she was well past the age of wanting to hatch any more young. Every so often she had to fight them off, keep her area clean of other tyrannosaurs. This was her area, and hers alone, and she was too old and stubborn to put up with much riff-raff.
Her age had dulled her once glossy orange feathers that covered her shoulder blades to the base of her tail, the gleam dull but not completely lost. Black feathers colored her tail and snout except for white markings that ran down her eyes like stipped tears, dripping down under her chin. Unlike the much smaller raptor creatures who had long bird-like feathers on their arms, the warrior’s feathers were short and fuzzy, covering her whole body like down.
Food was hardly scarce for such a well travelled and sharp hunter, knowing the seasons and migration patterns of her food. It was mid summer, just past the hatching season for the triceratops and hadrosaurs in the area, which meant the creatures were on high alert and careful. The old warrior knew to tread carefully, and watch for mistakes. They always made mistakes.
The hot air buzzed with dragonflies and bees, the low murmur of the distant herds drifted through the wind along with the smells that were much more powerful. Her nose flared quietly as she rested, drinking it all in during a drowsy haze. Her old bones were very thankful for the rest, for the shade, for the peaceful afternoon breeze.
Clumsy footfalls awoke her from her nap, small, tiny, little bitty feet stepping on dirt under the tree where she hogged the shade. It was so small, the old tyrannosaur almost didn’t even hear it, almost didn’t smell it. Sharp yellow eyes opened to see the tiny intruder, a fresh triceratops hatchling, not even the size of a healthy bite, was plodding over to the once slumbering tyrant.
The old warrior watched this tiny creature lazily, it barely even worth noting because of how small it was and how full she was from the earlier meal. Its skull frill, normally the crown of the species glory, was small and dull. Unlike its parents, the tiny thing didn’t even have the horns that made them so dangerous, even to the old warrior who wasn’t afraid of much.
This tiny thing came and sat by the creature it should fear most above all other threats, one of its species mortal enemy and most hated foe. Clearly it was too young to have known better, such a fresh little hatchling that it was vulnerable to the naivety of wonderment. The old warrior didn’t mind or really care, the tiny creature almost as significant as the bees that buzzed past her.
So in the shade they stayed. The tiny crowned prince and the old warrior sitting in the cool oasis of the maple tree, napping on and off through the heat of the day. Hours stretched past, the air cooling slightly as the sun sank lower in the sky. It was time to eat again, though the meal didn’t have to be as big this time around. She would go for something small and easy this evening, perhaps an adolescent.
Getting to her feet, the massive two-legged hunter shook the sleep from her body, stretching tall and smelling the air. The herds would be making their way to the water soon, and she knew the perfect path for an ambush. Stepping from the shade, the tyrant’s slow, steady footsteps were echoed by much smaller, faster ones. The tiny prince was following, as best he can, with the giant female’s sprawling steps. Tiny little feet raced after her as she made her way towards the water where dinner was waiting.
Stealth was not something that tyrannosaurs are prone for, especially not at the size of a full grown, old adult. There was no way someone as big as she was could possibly have the element of surprise like a raptor could, she she had to be smarter than that. She knew her pray, knew how prone to chaos and panic they could be when faced with danger. Also how dangerous they could act in defense.
They always make mistakes.
A broad river ran through the area, the main source of fresh water for multiple herds of different creatures. Hadrosaurs and triceratops were the most common in her territory and the most numerous, with specks of smaller theropods of the herbivore variety. The giant horned and crested beasts lined the river edge drinking, ever cautious of the predators that lurked close by on land and submerged below. Even the warrior knew better than to ignore the deinosuchus that claimed the water as its kingdom.
Thick scents of the buffet that lined the river carried heavy in the warm air, and the old warrior made sure to stand down wind. She didn’t need her cover blown just yet. She needed to scope out the best targets, the best angle to cause the wave of terror that would bring her dinner crashing to the ground. The triceratops herd was more towards the mouth of the river, further away from the old tyrant's position, which was ideal in this case. The last thing she wanted was to face off against them for a snack.
Her goal tonight was the smaller orodromeus that dotted the river line, squeezing in between the other massive beasts. They were fast but she knew the surrounding brutes would trip the swift creature up in the confusion. The timing was almost right.
Plod, plod, plod, the little feet were catching up to the old warrior now. Its tiny little feet were not making much noise, not enough for any concern. She looked back and down, the small tag-along galloping around her feet in play. Up and over her big clawed toes, the baby prince pushed his blunt nub horns into her thick scaly feet, mocking how the adults ram and fight. Gently she moved her foot away, careful not to step on it like she had when her own young were that size. Old mother habits taking control of her movements for the moment.
The tiny body against her feet woke up memories of what seemed like a lifetime past, of old hatchlings now adults and long since gone from her. The old warrior had a purpose again, even if this wasn’t exactly the same, it still felt familiar. She had raised so many little ones that the pattern of motherhood came easily to the old tyrant. Now this little horned beast was her shadow and her company until it was safe for him to leave her side.
She knew the tiny thing wasn’t going to keep up with her during the attack, but she knew for the fact it was going to follow her into the fray. This was going to change the route, make it less likely he can catch up too quickly, get stomped in the chaos. Old motherly concern corrected the pathway, taking the little prince’s safety into consideration. Instead of rounding past the trees, she was going to have to go through them, which would cause much more noise but slow the tiny shadow down.
It was time to move.
Pushing through the tall, skinny trees, the massive beast crashed through the other side with a low, thundering roar. As expected, the herds were already in motion by the time she had cleared the forest, waves of fear filling the air in sound and scent. The ancient croc had taking advantage of this as well, leaping up from the water and snagging a grown hadrosaur by the face, dragging it screaming and kicking into the water. This sent the herd wildly in different directions, clearing the path for bull triceratops to plant their ground.
If she didn’t find a kill right away, the bulls or cows would charge and fight, the mewing of their new babies causing their parental instincts into full force. Swift, bouncing orodromeus whizzed by the lumbering creatures that screamed in panic. Their sleek, small frames were lightweight on their two feet, tails rigid for balance and long necks absorbing the shock to keep their vision straight and focused. The little herbivores were feathery and lithe, and a perfect mouthful for an evening snack.
Old tyrant stomped towards them, gazing over the mass hysteria for the weak and fallen, for the juveniles that didn’t know how to keep up, for the clumsy to trip. The noise of the stampede and roars of the frightened beasts filled the humid air like a symphony of madness, thundering through the ground and wind.
Just as expected, the swift little theropods were fast but not immune to errors, and one found itself on the underside of a rampaging hadrosaur that was much, much bigger than the little beast. With a scream of agony, the orodromeus rolled under the powerful hind legs of the stampeding creature, snapping one of its legs like a frail twig. The old warrior had its meal.
Snorts of angry ceratopsians blurted and huffed, the herd surrounding their precious little ones behind a wall of muscle and horns a couple yards away. They watched with heads bobbing in warning as the giant old warrior made its way to the fallen flailing therapod. The dark brown little orodromeus tried in vain to stand and run, tripping over its painfully broken leg and sliding across the ground. After a few good steps, the old tyrant was on it easily, chomping down on its little body, silencing the screams.
The old warrior made a point to take the now limp meal into its mouth, carrying it further away from the heated and angry wall of horns and frills. She didn’t need that trouble, just her snack and some peace. It took a while for the wall to move away, for the screams and scents of the herds to fade into the distance, leaving dust and lingering smells of panic in their wake. Deinonychus had finished its meal as well and was now basking in the fading sun, eyes shut and relaxing on the opposite side of the shore.
The old tyrant ate her snack in bites, not rushed, enjoying herself. The sounds of the little plods caught her attention as the little prince finally made it out to her. The screams and panic of the event had kept him further back, but now it was just them and he felt safe again...despite the half dismembered body of the orodromeus laying at the tyrannosaur’s feet.
Normally this would be the time that the old mother would share her food with her young, tearing off smaller chunks for it with her powerful jaws for them to devore. This little one had no interest in the wonderful snack she had secured for them, him instead wandering over to the low growing ferns by the water edge. The mother scanned the area, making sure the massive croc was still sunbathing, before letting the tiny thing munch away on the wide, fat leaves.
At least this little prince was easy to feed and knew what to eat, unlike her babies in the past. Her past sons and daughters munched on anything that moved, often chasing down things that were meant to be messed with. Though the little thing was very different than her own brood, all tiny things seemed more interested in play than eating, and proceeded to gallop around in joy as his new giant tyrant mother ate her food.
Nighttime in the cretaceous forest was loud with life. Chirping, croaking, singing and swooning echoed through the warm night. Normally the tyrannosaur would prowl through the night until she got hungry enough to eat again, but age had made her sleep more often than she had before. After most meals, the giant would find a good place to settle down for a good nap. That night the moon was full, hanging high and bright, spilling blue light over the breathing forest. She lowered herself down to the ground, her hind legs close to her body while her small arms tucked up under her massive chest.
A contestant ball of energy, the tiny little prince mewed and bounced around, being careful not to stray too far from his new protector. He pushed his head into her feather side and chest, practicing his skills of combat for the future. He was rather terrible at it. His greatest foe at the moment was gravity and his own feet.
She didn’t mind it, his head butts into her body barely felt and not enough to break her from her napping. Every so often she would open her eyes and check on him, or push him a little with her nose, to give him a sense he was putting up a good fight.
After some time, his energy wore out, and she found him curled up against her chest under her chin, and she decided to sleep a little longer tonight.

Wednesday, April 20, 2016

Dinosaur Decline and my beef with media outlets




Were dinosaurs already having a hard time before the asteroid hit during the Late Cretaceous?

I was linked an article this morning by a friend of mine from I Fucking Love Science, or IFLS for short, talking about the recent findings of dinosaur's population decrease before the asteroid impact. The research they're referencing, was published to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences by Manabu Sakamoto and others, and talks about their research into tracking the decline of four major species groups before the k-2 extinction event: Sauropods, Theropods, Hardosaurs and Ceratopcians.

I remember hearing that the population of dinosaurs was in a decline before the asteroid before, but to be honest I wasn't up to speed on the latest research when this was linked to me this morning. I remember reading The Dinosaur Heresies by Dr. Bakker when I was a kid, and he had brought up this theory of dinosaur's population slipping because of mass sickness.
Even as a kid that theory seemed a little too much, and to be very fair there has been newer findings after he had published that book.

Since I was in the dark about the newest research around this topic, I set off to do some digging in science papers.
Why would I go digging through science papers if IFLS already told me the "in-a-nutshell" summery of the findings?

IFLS aside, most online media sources are bullshit and garbage, who over sensationalize the facts for more clicks, especially when it comes to science.

More on that later. Let's get to the meat of the research, shall we?

  • Population Decline within Niche Groups:


Summery from published research:
Whether dinosaurs were in decline before their final extinction 66 Mya has been debated for decades with no clear resolution. This dispute has not been resolved because of inappropriate data and methods. Here, for the first time to our knowledge, we apply a statistical approach that models changes in speciation and extinction through time. We find overwhelming support for a long-term decline across all dinosaurs and within all three major dinosaur groups. Our results highlight that dinosaurs showed a marked reduction in their ability to replace extinct species with new ones, making them vulnerable to extinction and unable to respond quickly to and recover from the final catastrophic event 66 Mya.

If you want to read the actual article published by the research team, it is actually 100% free and available here.

I love that this paper wasn't behind a paywall, because I could see what the actual research team published. This is an actual science paper, so it is complicated and dry, but the info is all there which is fantastic.
Like I stated before IFLS did a good bare-bones article about it that is simple to read, as did phys.org.

The research team tracked four species through the Mesozoic using the "Bayesian Phylogenic approach" to study their evolution and speciation decline.

I know what you're asking...whaaat the hell is Bayesian Phylogenic approach? I know I asked that too, and I had to Google it.
According to wikipedia (yeah, I know, not the most reliable source but whatever):
Bayesian inference of phylogeny uses a likelihood function to create a quantity called the posterior probability of trees using a model of evolution, based on some prior probabilities, producing the most likely phylogenetic tree for the given data. The Bayesian approach has become popular due to advances in computing speeds and the integration of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms. Bayesian inference has a number of applications in molecular phylogenetics and systematics.

So, basically it's an algorithm to determain evolution and speciation trees, which is really cool.

The researchers used this model to plug in the data of these groups into the Bayesian trees and were able to tract the decline in evolution among the species. Basically, the niches they filled didn't leave a lot of room for change, so species were starting to die off without new ones filling in the gaps. From what I understand of the data, they piqued and started to slow down in evolution and diversifying.
This seems to be happening across the board, which all the major groups starting to fall before the mass extinction event that pushed them over the edge.

I guess when you evolve to be these giant beasts that are beyond the scale of anything else that has ever lived on the planet, you certainly can't get any bigger and evolution doesn't work backwards. Eventually you'll get too big and start to run into snags in getting food and diversifying, especially when the planet was a hostile mess during that time. I mean of course the tons of volcanic activity and shifting plates during that time which would have made planet Earth a bit nasty.

Poor guys were having a hard time as it was, then a giant rock came down and made everything a lot worse. With the species already rocky in diversifying, they certainly couldn't make it through a huge event that leveled the playing field for the smaller animals. Those that had grown into those giant niches didn't have a strong leg to stand on and weren't going to last long as giant behemoths as it was.

  • Why I had to Dig:


I don't know if anyone remembers the article that was floating around on the internet a couple months back about the pregnant t-rex that was found recently. This was an amazing find because of the correlation between the female t-rex bones and that of a pregnant bird, which helps shine some light in more of the t-rex's breeding habits and helps with sexing the bones found.
Instead of publishing this information, many sites ran with ridiculous headlines like "Dino DNA found in Pregant T-Rex!", which was never, ever stated by the research team.
The publishers of the article ran with one quote from one of the researchers, Lindsey Zanno, when they asked her if there could be DNA in the bones:
"Yes it is possible....but this remains to be tested further."

This had nothing to do with the true excitement of the findings, and instead the media ran through the streets with sparklers screaming bullshit to get more people to click on the page. I guess if they headlined it as "new data found to help properly sex dinosaur bones" only people who wanted to know about proper paleontology techniques and those who want to see bones doing it would have clicked.

I'm a very skeptical person as it is, and I rarely take anything at face value when it comes to anything on the internet, but having to do that much digging to make sure what was being said on online news outlets wasn't full of crap is tiring. We were lucky their findings wasn't behind a paywall, or having to pay to get access to the article, like so many science papers are. It leaves us to the whim of the media outlets, which typically don't have our best interests in mind. They don't want to present the facts purely, they want to make us excited and get views.

It's sad and gross.

Like I stated before, this isn't all news outlets and there are plenty who do a great job outlining what's going on. The unfortunate truth is that most of the general public doesn't go to PLOs One or Phys.org...they go to Huffington post, The Guardian, CNN and so on, who aren't science news sources. They take the information and boil it down to what sells and pepper in some data.
We have a very real problem with science illiteracy in this country, and it boils my blood to see it spreading by lazy or sensationalized reporting.

  • TL;DR


Certain dinosaur species weren't evolving fast enough to keep up with niche die-offs and speciation had slowed down.
You can read the published paper here.
Don't believe everything you read on the internet, do your own research. In this case it wasn't so bad, but it has been in the past.

Yay dinosaurs!

Thanks, guys.

-M